VPNs with servers in Venezuela

As of 15 October 2026, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice declared a draft partial reform of the Law against Hatred in conformity with the Constitution, for discussion and approval in the National Assembly. The draft makes incitement to hatred an infraction punished by a fine or by community work and educational programmes, never by a custodial measure.

The Constitutional Law against Hatred, for Peaceful Coexistence and Tolerance (Official Gazette 41.274, 8 November 2017) obliges the legal persons that run social networks and electronic media to adopt measures to prevent messages promoting war or inciting hatred and to withdraw them immediately (art. 14).

A message not withdrawn within six hours of its publication exposes the responsible legal person to a fine of 50,000 to 100,000 tax units and gives rise to blocking of the portals, without prejudice to criminal and civil liability (art. 22). A radio or television provider that broadcasts such messages faces revocation of its concession.

Article 20 of that Law punishes with ten to twenty years’ imprisonment whoever publicly, or by any means fit for public dissemination, fosters, promotes or incites hatred, discrimination or violence against a person or group because of real or presumed membership of a social, ethnic, religious or political group, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, or any other discriminatory ground, without prejudice to civil and disciplinary liability.

The Special Law against Computer Crimes punishes unauthorised access or interception of a system with one to five years (art. 6), improper obtaining or disclosure of data with four to eight (art. 11), breach of the privacy of communications with two to six (art. 21) and disclosure of what was obtained with two to six (art. 22). Interception of communications is otherwise a matter for a court order under the Constitution.

Article 48 of the Constitution guarantees the secrecy and inviolability of private communications in all forms, which may be interfered with only by order of a competent court, observing the law and preserving the secrecy of private matters unrelated to the proceedings. Article 60 provides that the use of electronic information shall be restricted by law to guarantee personal and family intimacy and honour.

Article 190 of the Organic Law of Telecommunications punishes unlawful interception, interference, copying or divulging of the content of transmissions under the special law. The order of the rows is the security score, and a server’s location is not a recommendation.